Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci Contextual analysis 1: Infective endocarditis brought about by viridans streptococci Contextual analysis 2: Haemorrhagic fever brought about by Ebolavirus Contextual analysis 1 Subject is a 48-year-elderly person with a background marked by mitral valve spewing forth who presents with a 10-day history of weariness, fever and general discomfort. Some ruddy injuries are noted on his palm, which he has never taken note. He denies any hack, however has mellow new brevity of breath with effort and with resting level around evening time in bed. He is by and large healthy aside from a root channel activity roughly 3 weeks beforehand. The historical backdrop of mitral valve spewing forth is believed to be optional to rheumatic fever as a youngster. Heart assessment is striking for an uproarious systolic mumble best heard at the left sternal fringe with radiation over to the axilla. Lungs are clear and stomach assessment is ordinary. Skin assessment is huge for a few dissipated rosy injuries over his palms and soles that are not difficult when weight is applied. Lab tests: Blood check shows WBC 14.8 with 86% neutrophils; blood societies developed out gram-positive cocci in chains that are alpha haemolytic on horse blood agar. Proof for Diagnosis Mitral valve spewing forth would represent the weariness, and furthermore the brevity of breath in the patient, anyway different indications are available this by itself can't clarify. The first of these is the fever endured by the patient, which would imply a contamination. The second is the nearness of injuries on the palms and soles; Petechiae, for example, these, known as Janeway sores, are a marker of endocarditis (O’Connor, 2002), and the patient’s history of mitral valve disgorging, alongside an ongoing history of root waterway work affirm this is an imaginable analysis. The lungs and mid-region of the patient are clear, as would be normal for a situation of endocarditis, anyway assessment of the heart sounds showed an unmistakable murmer. The patient’s blood results gave away from of disease, with leukocytosis and raised neutrophil check. The microbes refined from the patient’s blood can be handily recognized as Streptococci, and since this is know n to be a causative living being of endocarditis (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197), it makes the finding likely. Further Testing Required While the finding for this situation ought to be straight forward due to bacteraemia and nearness of fringe blemish, as indicated by the Duke standards, which is utilized as a device for determination of infective endocarditis, this patient would be delegated having just conceivable infective endocarditis. As they show a portion of the vital pathologic and clinical rules, they would require further tests to decide whether it was certainly infective endocarditis (Li et al., 2000). The Duke Criteria was created by Durack et al. (1994) as a methods for better distinctive infective endocarditis from different reasons for heart issues; these were assessed as being better than past techniques for conclusion (Bayer et al., 1994)(Cecchi et al., 1997)(Hoen et al., 1995) The measures have been utilized since, however there have been considers done into improving the standards further. As per these models, the patient’s determination could be affirmed via completing different tests, for example, an ECG, echocardiogram, and chest x-beam, to prohibit other conceivable cardiovascular issues. In any case, the patient would likewise meet two significant measures, and in this manner be named positive infective endocarditis if two further societies of blood developed causative microscopic organisms. While the most probable causative living being is viridans streptococci, as Streptococcus pneumonia is all the more regularly connected with bacterial pneumonia or meningitis, the two can be separated basically by testing with optochin. S. pneumonia are vulnerable to this microbial operator, where viridans streptococci are safe. Suspending the microbes in bile salts would likewise give a reasonable differentiation, as S. pneumonia would lyse, where viridans streptococci are insoluble (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). Endocarditis because of streptococcal disease Microbiology Numerous course books, and in certainty some diary articles allude to the gathering of streptococci which cause endocarditis by the name Streptococcus viridans, anyway this is really a misnomer, as the viridans streptococci are really a gathering of a few distinct microscopic organisms, and are alluded to as viridans basically in light of the fact that they produce a green corona when developed on blood agar (Elliott et al., 1997, pp.30-1). Viridans streptococci are frequently discovered inhabitant in bounty in the mouth, where they are normally commensal, or cause just gentle diseases; once in the circulation system, these generally inactive microbes can get pathogenic, and lead to endocarditis after arriving at the heart (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). The microorganisms can multiply in fundamentally strange valve surfaces and bit by bit lead to the pulverization of the valves, bringing about disgorging (O’Connor, 2002). Those valves harmed by rheumatic fever are especially inclined to disease (Heritage, Evans and Killington, 1999, p.185). Side effects The physical side effects endured by the patient are an aftereffect of the body’s reaction to the contamination; the fever and general disquietude endured by the patient would be because of cytokine age from the poor quality disease, and the petechiae in the skin, known as Janeway injuries, are the consequence of insusceptible edifices being saved in little vessels there (O’Connor, 2002). Prophylaxis Any patient, for example, the one here, evaluated from their past clinical history to be in danger from endocarditis, ought to be given prophylactic treatment before experiencing obtrusive dental medical procedure. The current rules sketched out by Ramsdale et al. (2004) suggest amoxicillin for this reason, or clindamycin for those hypersensitive to penicillin. This specific patient would just be viewed as a moderate hazard as indicated by the new rules, so there would be no requirement for gentamicin, anyway those considered at high hazard would be given this intravenously notwithstanding IV amoxicillin/clindamycin. Treatment A mix of penicillin and gentamicin are utilized to treat streptococcal endocarditis. While contemplates have discovered that there is just a constrained protection from penicillin in victims at present, vancomycin can be utilized a reasonable option in those sensitive to penicillin and those with increasingly safe strains (Johnson et al., 2001). For the individuals who don't react to antimicrobial treatment, medical procedure is frequently a suitable choice, supplanting the tainted valves. While not generally fruitful, this offers an improved guess for those where other treatment is ineffective (Moon et al., 1997). Forecast Whenever left untreated, infective endocarditis is consistently deadly, as the obliteration of a valve will keep the heart from working. Regardless of whether rewarded, the malady conveys a high bleakness and death rate. The variables which sway most grounded on forecast are uncontrolled contamination and congestive cardiovascular breakdown. It is hence that early conclusion and antimicrobial treatment is fundamental. In any case, steady upgrades in surgeries are prompting a superior anticipation for those not reacting to treatment (Karth et al., 2002). It could be contemplated that these advances in medical procedure will turn out to be much progressively significant in anticipation as frequencies of antimicrobial obstruction increment, which is most likely inescapable deciding by patterns in other bacterial contaminations, for example, Staphylococcus aureus. Contextual investigation 4 A 34-year-elderly person analyst contemplating chimpanzee conduct in the Ivory Coast found a few of the creatures were biting the dust. She analyzed one a few hours after it kicked the bucket and found that it had passed on of drain, and had non-coagulating blood. She wore family unit gloves, yet no cover or outfit during the dismemberment. After eight days she built up a fever and cerebral pain, which didn't react to jungle fever treatment. Five days into her disease, she created spewing, the runs, a rash, and renal disappointment. Anti-microbials didn't improve her condition and she was moved home in confinement. The patient is dormant however informative. She has lymphadenopathy. Her lung test is typical. She has a somewhat delicate and broadened liver and spleen. Lab tests: She has a white platelet tally of 3.6, haematocrit of 40, and low platelets of 83. She has a low fibrinogen of 0.8. Her coagulating times are typical, nonetheless. Serological tests for Bacillus anthracis, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Marburg infection, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, and Hantavirus are on the whole negative. Proof for Diagnosis The historical backdrop of the patient recommends that she is experiencing something that has emerged from her contact with a contaminated chimpanzee. While various zoonotic infections are known to be common in the African mainland, most of those have just been precluded by negative test outcomes. One which has not is the Ebolavirus, which offers ascend to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Transmission of the Ebolavirus from dead creatures has been recorded previously, remembering for the Ivory Coast (WHO, 2004; CDC, 2005). The beginning of the patient’s indications fits with the known timescale for the Ebolavirus of 2 to 21 days; the fever and cerebral pain which she encountered are exemplary side effects. Later in the infection victims additionally ordinarily create loose bowels, heaving, and potentially a rash (CDC, 2005). It would clearly be normal that anti-microbials would carry no improvement to the disease, as the contamination is viral. In a physical assessment, it would be normal that a patient tainted with Ebolavirus would have an extended liver and spleen, as this is the place infection replication is especially proliferant. Sanchez et al. (2004) additionally indicates the lungs as likewise being one of the fundamental locales of infection replication, suggesting th

Genius

Virtuoso Virtuoso Virtuoso By Maeve Maddox A peruser has requested a post on the word virtuoso, remarking, Its piece of the word building however, in French, designing is genie, which I partner with Aladdins light. At that point, there is the virtuoso soul that antiquated Romans related with places. This remark offers a lot to address. I’ll start with the Latin birthplace of the word. In old style strict conviction, each individual was assigned an individual soul during childbirth. This directing soul was known as a virtuoso, plural, genii. The job of the virtuoso was to administer a person’s fortunes, decide his character, and to lead him out of the world at death. The Latin word originates from a Greek action word meaning â€Å"to be conceived, to come into being.† This citation from the OED show the word utilized in the feeling of â€Å"guardian spirit†: Let their Guardian Genii despite everything be attentive. N. Rowe Ambitious Step-mother. Notwithstanding the sort of genii appointed to singular individuals, there was the virtuoso loci, â€Å"genius of the place.† This soul directed a specific spot: Watchd by the Genius of this Royal spot. Dryden To Dr. Charleton in W. Charleton Chorea Gigantum. The â€Å"emperor worship† that the early Christians protested included consuming a touch of incense not to the sovereign, yet to the emperor’s virtuoso: Christianswho would bite the dust as opposed to toss into the special stepped area fire a touch of incense to the Genius of the Emperors. F. W. Farrar Witness of Hist.  â Virtuoso in the feeling of a directing soul is applied to digest things and to times of history. One may discuss â€Å"the virtuoso of Democracy† and â€Å"the Genius of the Age.† Nowadays the word virtuoso is regularly supplanted by the word soul. We’ve all observed kid's shows demonstrating a character being enticed: on one shoulder sits a little blessed messenger attempting to limit him, while on the other, a little red fiend eggs him on. This portrayal mirrors that individuals have not one, yet two controlling genii: (a people) decent, detestable virtuoso: the two commonly restricted spirits (in Christian language heavenly attendants) by whom each individual should be gone to for a mind-blowing duration. Thus applied to an individual who effectively impacts for good or malice the character, lead, or fortunes of another. Genie and genii came to be utilized for devils or otherworldly creatures when all is said in done. Arabic jinn, the word for a class of spirits that might be acceptable or insidious, came to be spelled genii in English; solitary genie turned into the word for one of these spirits, for instance, one that may be detained in a container. The utilization of virtuoso as descriptor meaning â€Å"intellectually superior† and a thing meaning â€Å"an mentally prevalent person† created in the eighteenth century as craftsmanship pundits started utilizing virtuoso to portray â€Å"native endowment† appeared differently in relation to â€Å"aptitudes that can be procured by study.† This inquiry on a schoolwork site delineates how this utilization of virtuoso has clouded the word’s before implications: In the event that Hitler executed such huge numbers of individuals, for what reason would he say he is known as a virtuoso? The youth posing this inquiry has no uncertainty seen Hitler alluded to as â€Å"an malicious genius† by somebody who didn't comprehend the importance of the term. The appropriate response given to the student’s question mirrors a similar disarray: You can say Hitler was a virtuoso since he was so acceptable at controlling people.â He had the option to get individuals to oblige his thoughts in any event, when they were by all accounts totally crazy. Because he had the option to do this, you would need to state he was a genius.â Sadly, he utilized his incredible abilities for one of the most shrewd objectives ever. Hitler may be viewed as the shrewd virtuoso who impacted German specialists and jail camp chiefs to do loathsome things, however naming him â€Å"an abhorrent genius† without reference to someone else or people is unimportant. The term â€Å"evil genius† alludes to any personof whatever level of intellectwho impacts someone else to do detestable: The malicious virtuoso of the second 50% of Hitlers profession was Goebbels. Ernst Hanfstaengel, Hitler: The Missing Years (1957). At last, gã ©nie is the French word for designing, yet not on the grounds that it has anything to do with the word virtuoso. French gã ©nie implies very similar things that English virtuoso does. The way that the French word for building is additionally spelled gã ©nie is a happenstance: it’s a homonym got from Middle French engigneour, â€Å"person who structures and develops military works for assault and defense.† Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesUlterior and Alterior

How Long Do Benzodiazepines Stay in Your System

How Long Do Benzodiazepines Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long Do Benzodiazepines Stay in Your System? Benzodiazepines in Your Blood and Urine By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 14, 2020 Tetra Images/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Benzodiazepines are sedatives and anti-anxiety medications that are legally available only by prescription. There are many different kinds of benzodiazepines, from long-acting to short-acting. They include Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam), Ativan (lorazepam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Halcion (triazolam) and Librium (chlordiazepoxide). When you are prescribed these drugs, it is important to know how long they are active in your system so you can avoid interactions with other substances and be alert to signs of unusual or dangerous side effects. How Long Benzodiazepines Can Be Detected While benzodiazepines have many appropriate medical uses, they also are a common drug of abuse and may be detected in blood or urine toxicology screens. If you are going to be taking a drug screen for employment or other purposes, disclose any prescription medications you are taking so the lab can interpret your test correctly. The time frame varies for each drug in how fast it is eliminated from the body. It may be detectable for days to weeks and it depends on the dosage. How Long Drugs Can Be Detected in Your System Types of Benzodiazepines If you try to estimate how long benzodiazepines are active and detectable in the body you have to consider many variables. The drugs vary considerably in how long they are active in the body, which means they will stay in your system a longer or shorter time. Valium is long-acting. Xanax, Niravam, Ativan, Klonopin, and Librium are intermediate-acting. Halcion is short-acting. With the wide variation by type, it is important to discuss with your doctor how long the drug you have been prescribed will be active in your system. The answer will be on the order of days for the short-acting varieties to over a week for longer-acting drugs. Check Drug Precautions You can look up the medication  guide on the FDA website for the specific drug you are taking to see the precautions for that medication. Benzodiazepines Uses and Side Effects Avoiding Interactions When Benzodiazepines Are in Your System Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants that produce sedation, induce sleep, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and prevent seizures. Too much of the drug too quickly can cause an overdose. Some of the things that you need to do in order to prevent potentially dangerous interactions or overdoses: Be faithful to the dosage prescribed by your doctor and take your medication on schedule.Ask what to do if you forget to take a dose, as it might be dangerous to take doses too close together.Be thorough in discussing all of your medications, prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements with your doctor so you can be put on the best dosage.Dont start or stop any other medication or supplement without discussing it with your doctor once you are taking benzodiazepines. You also need to be cautious about driving or operating machinery when you are taking benzodiazepines, as these drugs can make you drowsy. Some of the most critical interactions are with alcohol, narcotic and opiate pain relievers, phenothiazines, MAO inhibitors, illicit drugs, and other central nervous system depressants. Herbal supplements and natural products to be concerned about interacting with benzodiazepines include kava, St. Johns wort, grapefruit, and grapefruit juice. Smoking can also decrease the effectiveness of these medications. Signs of Benzodiazepine Overdose Some of the signs and symptoms of an overdose on benzodiazepines include: DrowsinessShallow respirationClammy skinDilated pupilsWeak and rapid pulseConfusionComaPossible death It is also important that you dont abruptly stop taking any benzodiazepine without discussing it with your doctor as you could have severe withdrawal symptoms. How Long Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Lasts

Essay On The Matrix And The Oasis - 856 Words

The Matrix and The Oasis are—in a sense—the same. These two worlds are both a huge lie and an escape to many people. But, they have some essential differences. These differences provide an interesting contrast between The Matrix and The Oasis. The three main differences include: ignorance and the choice of it, virtual versus reality, and the definition of a hero. A huge difference between these two virtual worlds is the ignorance and how some people were actually born into The Matrix. It is their home and the only world they know. They dont have a choice to be ignorant because they arent â€Å"awake.† The Oasis is the opposite of this. The people in The Oasis actually have another world—the world they were born into. They were not born†¦show more content†¦The Oasis console came with haptic gloves and the visor. Which as Wade mentioned, were the most valuable things he owned. He also said that these items were too valuable to carry around with him . Although this virtual world was taking over his life, he learned a lot more than he used to learn in an actual high school. In The Oasis, the teacher can take you anywhere and everywhere. Unlike The Oasis, The Matrix is a place where reality isnt shown. When the â€Å"real† reality is shown, to Neo, we see what no one else has seen. Neo is given the chance to make the alternative reality into a â€Å"real† one and save millions of human beings who arent â€Å"awake†. Virtual versus reality is like a huge part of both of these stories but they way they are perceived are very different. Along with virtual versus reality, heroism is another difference between The Oasis and The Matrix. So who are the heroes? In Ready Player One, Wade is the hero. He is trying to save The Oasis from the Sixers so that it wont be destroyed. He wants people to be able to keep playing The Oasis. In The Matrix, Morpheus and his crew have been trying to find the â€Å"one† who wi ll be able to save human kind. They find Neo and he ends up being the hero. After he starts believing in himself, he can do the same things the special agents can do. Which makes him the only one who can beat the agents and The Matrix. The value of The Matrix isShow MoreRelatedThe Origin of Food Production Essay2417 Words   |  10 Pagesrole in the development of agriculture† (Sutton, Anderson: 177). The first of many â€Å"modern attempts† to explain the origins of agriculture within the framework of a climatic change was by Australian born archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe. Childe’s oasis hypothesis portrayed the â€Å"drying of the climate at the end of the Pleistocene as an external factor leading to early domestication† (White 2004). Childe speculated that climate condition became increasingly dry after the end of the Ice Age. InhospitableRead MoreImpact of Global Marketing Environment and Strategies in Bp Retail Servicess in3235 Words   |  13 P ages....................17 8) BUDGET BREAKDOWN..........................................................................18 9) APPENDIX...................................................................................................19 9.1) AN OFF MATRIX......................................................................................19 9.2) PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE..........................................................................20 9.3) IMPLEMENTATION PLAN................................Read MoreAirasia Case Study3534 Words   |  15 Pageshomogeneous fleet †¢ High resource productivity †¢ Short ground waits due to simple boarding processes†¢ No air freight, no hub services, short cleaning times, and high percentage of online sales | III. External Factors a. Competitive Profile Matrix | AirAsia | Ryanair | Southwest | Critical Success Factors | Weight | Rating | Score | Rating | Score | Rating | Score | Support | 0.05 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.2 | Product Quality | 0.15 | 4 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.45 | 4 | 0.6 | Price Competitiveness

Definition and Observations of Phonetics

Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols. Adjective: phonetic.  Pronounced [fah-NET-iks].  From the Greek, sound, voice A linguist who specializes in phonetics is known as a phonetician. As discussed below, the boundaries between the disciplines of phonetics and phonology arent always sharply defined. Examples and Observations of Phonetics Linguistics contributes to phonetics its phonological understanding of the distinctive patterns that make up the coded, conventional aspects of speech which differentiate individual words and other units of spoken language. Phonetics contributes to linguistics its phonetic understanding of the production and perception of the detailed artefacts of speech that embody those significant phonological patterns. Each contribution is complemented by the other. The Study of Phonemes In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; for example, the vowels in the words pin and pen are different phonemes, and so are the consonants at the beginning of the words pet and bet. Because of the notoriously confusing nature of English spelling, it is particularly important to learn to think of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet; one must be aware, for example, that the word enough begins with the same vowel phoneme as that at the beginning of inept and ends with the same consonant as stuff. Phonetics and the Brain Until recently, we knew little about what is going on in the brain when people are speaking, and this is why the science of phonetics has concentrated on the three central components of the speech chain, where observation of what is going on is fairly straightforward. However, our understanding of how the brain works in speech communications has grown enormously in recent years. One of the most significant advances in recent research has been the development of safe and accurate brain-scanning techniques that can show us the activities of different parts of the brain when someone is speaking or listening to speech... Experimental Phonetics Phonetics is the study of speech. Traditionally, phoneticians have relied on their ears and eyes, and their awareness of their own vocal organs, to study pronunciation. Increasingly, however, they have been using instruments of various types to supplement the information they derive from their own sensations. Experimental phonetics, as the term is commonly used, includes any investigation of speech by means of instruments. It is understood here that the instruments are used to visualize some aspect of the speech event, and possibly also to provide a basis for measurements. For example, a tape recording for the purpose of repeated listening does not fall within the scope of experimental phonetics, but if the tape recording is fed into a computer and used to produce an acoustic analysis, the activity would be described as an experimental investigation. The Phonetics-Phonology Interface Phonetics interfaces with phonology in three ways. First, phonetics defines distinctive features. Second, phonetics explains many phonological patterns. These two interfaces constitute what has come to be called the substantive grounding of phonology. Sources John Laver, Linguistic Phonetics.  The Handbook of Linguistics, ed.  by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller. Blackwell, 2001Peter Roach,  English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009(Peter Roach,  Phonetics. Oxford University Press, 2001)Katrina Hayward,  Experimental Phonetics: An Introduction. Routledge, 2014

Chemistry Of Liquid Crystal Displays Engineering Essay Free Essays

Nanoscience includes the survey and creative activity of stuffs, devices, and systems by pull stringsing single atoms and molecules. It describes research where the characteristic dimension of 1 or more planes is less than 100 nanometres i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry Of Liquid Crystal Displays Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 0.1 micrometers. As we know that all manufactured merchandises are made from atoms and the belongingss of those merchandises depend on how atoms are arranged in them. So if we can rearrange the atoms in: Coal we get diamonds or black lead. Sand ( adding a few other hint elements ) we get computing machine french friess. Dirt, H2O and air we can do murphies. Unlike their larger or â€Å" macro † opposite numbers, nanoparticles frequently display alone belongingss that may be of usage for assorted applications. Introduction to Liquid Crystals The survey of liquid crystals began ( 1888 ) when an Austrian phytologist, Friedrich Reinitzer observed that a stuff known as cholesteryl benzoate had two distinguishable runing points. In his experiments, Reinitzer increased the temperature of a solid sample and watched the crystal alteration into a brumous liquid. As he increased the temperature further, the stuff changed once more into a clear, crystalline liquid. Because of this early work, Reinitzer is credited with detecting a new province of affair – the liquid crystal province. What are Liquid Crystals? There are solids which when heated undergo two crisp stage transmutations one after the other. They foremost fuse aggressively giving turbid liquid and so once more every bit aggressively at higher temperature giving clear liquids. These alterations are precisely reversed on chilling at the same temperatures. The turbid liquid nevertheless show anisotropy ( i.e. , they have different physical belongingss in different waies ) . Anisotropy is observed peculiarly in their optical behaviour. Therefore they exhibit dual refractions and intervention forms in polarized visible radiation. True liquids, on the contrary, are isotropous ( i.e. , they have same belongingss in all waies ) . Since anisotropic belongingss are associated with crystalline province, the turbid liquids are called liquid crystals. And as they are neither solids nor liquids, hence, the term muscular province ( intending intermediate signifier, in Greek ) likely fits the best. But liquid crystal besides continues to be used even in present twenty-four hours literature. Obviously, an indispensable demand for mesomorphism to happen is that the molecule should be anisotropic in form, like rod or a phonograph record. Industrial Lubricants exist, more or less, in liquid crystalline, i.e. , muscular province. The proteins and fats besides exist or acquire changed into this province before digestion and are therefore easy assimilated into the organic structure. This province is believed to play an of import function in the nutritionary and other procedures. Note the mean alliance of the molecules for each stage in the undermentioned diagram. It is sometimes hard to find whether a stuff is in a crystal or liquid crystal province. Crystalline stuffs demonstrate long scope periodic order in three dimensions. By definition, an isotropic liquid has no orientational order. Substances that are non ordered as solids, yet have some grade of alliance are decently called liquid crystals. PHASES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS There are two basic stages of Liquid Crystals: NEMATIC SMECTIC Liquid crystals act like polarising filters. The orientationally ordered rod-like molecules in liquid crystals affect the polarisation of the familial visible radiation. What is Liquid Crystal DisplayaˆÂ ¦ ? A procedure of picture show which is based on liquid crystal bed sandwiched between two polarising crystalline glass beds. The crystals that are charged by transistors unfastened and close to let and barricade the transition of visible radiation. In a projection format, visible radiation is passed through the LCD panel, from an internal lamp, onto the screen and each crystal is represented by one pel. Types of LC Displays There are the undermentioned types of Liquid Crystal Displaies: Activematrix liquid crystal show Cholesteric liquid crystal show Transflective liquid crystal show ST liquid crystal show Applications Of LCD Types of Display Screens Used Today There are two basic types of show screens used in today ‘s clip that are as followers: Cathode Ray Tube Display Liquid Crystal Display What is CRT DisplayaˆÂ ¦ ? CRT Display is an parallel show device which uses a vacuity tubing that generates images, on a bed of phosphors driven by an negatron beam, inside the tubing. How Does CRT WorksaˆÂ ¦ ? CRTs work by lighting points of phosphor on the screen by firing a beam of negatrons from the dorsum of the tubing. At the rear of the tubing an emitter is present. A beam of negatrons is sent towards the screen at the forepart of the tubing, by the emitter. The beam of negatrons is passed through a magnetic field which targets it at specific place on the screen, at the forepart of the tubing. The screen in forepart of the tubing is coated with phosphor which glows when it is struck by negatron beam. The phosphor points are arranged in little groups of ruddy, green and bluish and by uniting these three primary colourss, any colour can be created. Advantages of CRT Sing Angle Due to the glowing points being near to the surface of glass, each point is every bit bright from any sing angle. B. ) colour fidelity As each point is self-illuminating, uneven lighting or screening angles would non do colour fluctuations across the surface of the screen. No â€Å" dead pels † CRT ‘s do n’t endure from the job of â€Å" dead pels † that consequence Plasma and LCD shows because the procedure of puting down the phosphor points is really simple. Disadvantages of CRT Weight As the CRT screens get larger, their glass must acquire thicker to defy the force per unit area of the vacuity inside which would ensue in telecastings weighing 100s of lbs. B. ) Phosphor Burn-in The phosphor compounds which really create the seeable visible radiation in the CRT show become less aglow with usage. This is one of the chief grounds for why an old telecasting set expression dim. If the show is systematically used to demo the same image for a long period of clip, the image can acquire â€Å" burned in † to the screen and it appears as a darkened image whenever the show is turned on. This is a common issue in instances when the show is connected to a computing machine where the common screen elements such as bill of fares or Windowss may stay on the screen for a long period of clip. While the new sets use a no. of techniques to cut down the happening of burn-in drastically, the overall brightness of the show still diminishes over clip. c. ) Size CRT shows are limited to size around 45 inches. They are besides deeper than about all other shows because the negatron gun is placed far plenty behind the screen such that the full surface can be hit by it. Earlier the negatron gun had a sweep angle of 90 grades but in the late 1990 ‘s many CRT ‘s started utilizing negatron guns with 100 grades arc, which allowed shorter tubings to be used. How Does Liquid Crystal Display WorksaˆÂ ¦ ? The liquid crystal show works by reflecting a changeless, pure white visible radiation, foremost through a liquid crystal â€Å" shutter † and so through a coloured filter to make each point ( pel ) on the show. Each pel is really made up of three of these points of ruddy, green, and blue, each. The liquid crystal â€Å" shutters † first base on balls the polarising the visible radiation in one way and so base on balls it through a bed of liquid crystal. The liquid crystals are used to revolve the polarisation of the light passing through them, when the current is applied and the sum of rotary motion is controlled by changing the current. The visible radiation is so passed through a colour filter for the remotion of other constituents of the white visible radiation, go forthing merely the coveted colourss. The colored ( and polarized ) visible radiation is so passed through a concluding polarizing filter which is rotated 90 grades with regard to the original polarizing filter. If the visible radiation had non been rotated, so no visible radiation would ‘ve passed through the 2nd polarizing filter and the point would look dark. If the visible radiation had been to the full rotated, so it would go through through the filter at maximal strength. Advantages of LCD The advantages of a liquid crystal show are: Flat Due to the absence of any big tubing, the LCD is much thinner than a CRT show. Lightweight Because it requires a beginning of visible radiation and the lightweight LCD shutters, the liquid crystal show is much lighter than CRT shows. Low Power Consumption Although the light beginning is required to run at maximal power over the full surface of the show, LCD ‘s by and large use lesser energy to run than CRT shows. Nowadays LCD shows use LED backlights usage less energy than any other show. Disadvantages of LCD The disadvantages of the Liquid crystal show are: Sing Angle Because of the colour filters and liquid crystals sitting between the spectator and the light beginning, each pel on an LCD show exists in a little â€Å" box † that prevents visible radiation from shed blooding from one pel to another. The â€Å" walls † of these boxes block the line-of-sight between the light beginning and the spectator when viewed at an angle which reduces the sensed brightness of that pel. Newer and more expensive shows are utilizing shallower boxes to minimise this issue. Response Time Earlier, LCD shows had been plagued by slow response times because of the liquid crystals taking clip to alter province which consequences in â€Å" blurring † or â€Å" streaking † of fast-moving images. Newer theoretical accounts do non endure from this show â€Å" slowdown † as much. Color fidelity LCD shows use a individual visible radiation beginning that eliminates each pel in the show equally. It is really hard to fabricate a visible radiation beginning which is equally illuminated across its full surface. Inexpensive LCD ‘s frequently have uneven illuming across the show. In add-on, on larger shows, the spectator ‘s angle from the show may change rather a spot from the centre to the borders of the screen. Because of this the pels near the borders appear darker because they are non being viewed head-on. Contrast As the light beginning is ever â€Å" on † behind every point of the LCD, it is hard to wholly barricade the visible radiation at a given pel and accomplish true black. LCD Construction A ; Terminology 1. ) F substrate ( glass ) 2. ) Terminal 3. ) Section electrode 4. ) Common electrode 5. ) B substrate ( glass ) 6. ) Upper polarising home base 7. ) Orientation bed 8. ) Sealant 9. ) LC ( liquid crystal ) 10. ) Conducting stuff 11. ) Sealant 12. ) Inlet 13. ) Sing country 14. ) Lower polarising home base, or lower polarising home base and reflecting home base How to cite Chemistry Of Liquid Crystal Displays Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Essentials of Marketing Cengage Learning

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Marketing Cengage Learning. Answer: Introduction: The marketing strategy of any company is developed around the needs, wants and the demands of the customers. These three factors are very crucial for the marketing strategy of any company and assist an organization in creating differentiation from their counterparts. The product of an organization can be differentiated on the basis whether it satisfies the need of the customer, want of the customer or demand of the customer. In marketing, the customer need can be defined as the basic requirement of the human beings such as food, clothing and shelter. These are the basic amenities of the humans without which the humans cannot survive (Armstrong et al., 2014). In the present times, the education and the healthcare also fall under this category. The products in the need category do not require extensive marketing. Soup Spoon is offering soups, healthy diets and salads. It does not come under the basic amenity of the humans. People buy from the shop as they are conscious about their heal th, do not have time to cook and want to buy healthy diet. Although the product has high importance in the present busy lifestyle, it is not important for sustenance. Therefore, the product does not come under need category. The customers themselves buy the products necessary for themselves. However, in the present competitive world, the organizations offering products in the need category are also facing intense competition; therefore, they also require push strategies to promote their products. The food products or the real estate falls under this category (Shiring, Jardine Mils, 2001). The wants are personal requirements of the individuals. They are not necessary for the well-being but necessary for that particular individual. Some people prefer to use the product of a particular company which is categorized as their want. The common examples of the product that fall under want category are hospitality products, electronics, consumer durables and hygiene products (Kotler, 2008). It could be critiqued that the products offered by Soup Spoon can come under the want category. Although the soups and salad offered at the restaurant are not necessary for living life, they are essential in leading a healthy life. The company offers product which are the part of the daily routine of the people. Therefore, soup, salads and healthy food products are the want of a large number of people in Singapore. The demand of the consumers refers to the products which are not necessary the existence but desired by the people. When the consumers are able to meet their desires, it becomes their demand. For instance a person may want to buy BMW car; however, if he does not have finance to buy it, it is his desire. When the people attain the power to buy the product, it becomes their demand (Stokes Lomax, 2008). The soups and salads are not luxury products; therefore, they cannot come under this category. Moreover, they do not create desire which is important for the demand products. In the present context, the Soup Spoon is a company offering soups, salads and sandwiches. The company emphasized the use of healthy diets and established outlets near hospitals so that the people wanting healthy diet can easily access them. In the light of the above discussion, it can be stated that the product offering of Soup Spoon comes under the category of the customer want. It does not come under the category because it is not providing the basic human amenities. The customer does not want it necessarily in their daily lives; however, with the changes in the lifestyle, many busy individuals want it. It is the want of the people who focus on healthy living and want healthy food regularly. The company is focusing on addressing the need of the customer for the healthy food. It is also not a luxury product and does not build desire in the mind of customers. Therefore, the product offering of the company falls under the category of customer want. One of the major elements of the marketing mix is the pricing strategy. The business organizations can adopt a number of pricing strategies while entering a new market. The price can be determined to increase the profitability of the organization or to increase the market share of the company in new market. The pricing strategy is a vital component of the marketing mix. With the pricing strategy, the customers form a perception related to the quality that the company offers in its product offering. In the present competitive marketplace, it is important that the organization should establish their pricing strategy after appropriately studying the pricing methods of the competitors. It will increase the competitive advantage of the organizations in the market. Moreover, in the present times, the customers can also compare the prices of different products easily through online mediums; therefore, it is important that the business organizations determine the prices of their product appr opriately (Pride, Hughes Kapoor, 2009). The pricing strategy is crucial in the promoting the sales of the product. The business organizations do not use a single price but a pricing structure which reflects the variations in the market. While creating the pricing structure, the company creates a flexible pricing structure which adapts itself with the changing market. Geographic Pricing In the geographical pricing, the companies decide to determine the prices of the products according to the location of the customers. The market location plays a critical role in the development of the pricing. With the changes in the geographical location, the currency rate and its value also changes. Moreover, the demand and the perceived use of the product also changes with the location of the market. If the demand of the product is low, the company can adopt a low pricing strategy to maximize the sales of the product. Moreover, in the geographical pricing method, the selling price of the product is determined according to the distance of the customer or the market from the place of production. It is a variable pricing method. In this strategy, the basic prices of product are adapted according to the cost of shipping and other local variables. In its growth strategy, the company is trying to venture in various foreign locations. The company is trying to identify the markets with same metropolitan city environment as that of Singapore. It includes cities of South Korea and Japan. However, if the company is trying to venture in a new market, it has to determine the prices according to the purchasing power of the customers and the local trend (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2008). The company also has to consider the demand, the cost incurred to the company in setting up the restaurant and the operations cost of the restaurant, in determining the prices of product. Customer Segment Pricing The customer segment pricing is a method of price discrimination. In this strategy, different segments of customers are charged different prices for the same product or service. In this strategy, the companies charge different customer segments multiple prices for the same product or service. One of the most common examples of customer segment pricing is museums wherein different customer segments are charged differently. The senior citizens and students are charged a discount rate in comparison to other people. The business organization determines the customer segment and the charges imposed upon them according to the product. The companies create segments of their customer base as they realize the fact that every customer is different and marketing efforts will be more effective if they are specific to certain customer base. Different prices are also determined for each customer group according to the purchasing capability of different customer groups. If the company is targeting specific and small groups, then the customers will find the marketing efforts relevant and buy the actual product. When the organization separate different customer segments, it assists the companies in understanding the preference and need of the customers. The marketing methods also become more personalized and relate to the actual needs of the customers. In the customer segmentation process, major differentiating factors are demographics, geography and behavioral tendencies. In the present context, Soup Spoon is a soup and healthy diet organization. The company can increase its customer base and increase brand awareness by establishing outlets near gyms and hospitals. The company can create a fluctuating pricing structure wherein it make collaborations or associations with gyms, hospitals and offer products at discounted prices. It will not only uplift the image of the organization but also increase the brand awareness and increase the customers of the organization (Kennedy, 2011). The company can implement promotional pricing strategy, in which the customers are given loyalty bonuses and discounts on major holidays of the country. In this strategy, the company should focus on providing loyalty coupons to enhance the customer loyalty. It can also use other promotional strategies such as offering discounts on special occasions or on Sundays to increase the sales of the product. The company can also establish strategies to increase the product sales by offering group or bulk discounts (Kennedy, 2011). References Shiring, S.B., Jardine, R.W., Mils, R.J. (2001). Introduction to Catering: Ingredients for Success. Cengage Learning. Kotler, P. (2008). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education. Stokes, D., Lomax, W. (2008). Marketing: A Brief Introduction. Cengage Learning EMEA. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Australia. Pride, W., Hughes, R., Kapoor, J. (2009). Business. Cengage Learning. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F., McDaniel, C. (2008). Essentials of Marketing. Cengage Learning. Kennedy, D.S. (2011). No B.S. Price Strategy: The Ultimate No Holds Barred Kick Butt Take No Prisoner Guide to Profits, Power, and Prosperity. Entrepreneur Press.

11 Crucial Skills To Learn Before You Turn 25

11 Crucial Skills To Learn Before You Turn 25 You’re 24 and freaking out. On the one hand, you’re still so young and most of your adult life is before you, pristine and for the taking. On the other, you’re nearly 25. Avoid the impending quarter life crisis by helping yourself prepare. It is possible to feel like an adult at 24, and set yourself up for great success in your life and career. Lay down this good foundation now- while you still have a chance. Here are 11 skills every 24-year-old should master on the start of a long career path.1. Sell YourselfEven if you aren’t working in sales and never want to! So much of business success boils down to sales of one kind or another. Remember that you will have to present yourself as an asset and hot commodity many times in your career; what is anything but another sales pitch? Once you realize where (and how often) sales come into play, you can work that to your advantage and start to really pull ahead of the pack.2. Expand Your HorizonsYour comfort zone is only going to hold you back- in life and work. Spread your wings a little into your personal danger zone. Eat something you would never think to try. Travel to a place you wouldn’t ordinarily choose for vacation. Get experience in a job or neighborhood that doesn’t match your upbringing. Broaden your horizons. Try new things. Start risky ventures. Take on a challenging project. This is the time for all this learning. You’ll get a better perspective on the world, the people in it, and yourself.3. Get a Party TrickFigure out one thing that you are good at- or would like to be. And don’t just get good at it. Get really good at it. If it’s your job, so much the better. But if it’s a hobby, you never know; that could turn into a back-up plan someday.4. Make Networking MatterIt’s not just a matter of how many contacts you have, but how many of those contacts would be willing to go to bat for you. Don’t just meet people, prove your value to them. That way you’ll have a network of advocates, not just a network of profile links on social media.5. Learn CodingEven if you don’t see yourself as a computer person. Coding has become as common as reading and writing as far as skills go in the new economy. Learn it while you’re young and thank yourself later.6. Fall in LoveThere’s no right time in life for love. In fact, it’s better to experience true love and real relationships early. It will save you lots of heartache and loneliness in the future. Even if you don’t want to settle down young†¦ a bit of real love is worth a go.7. MeditateThere’s a reason for the recent spike in meditation and wellness and mindfulness apps. In our mad age of constantly being wired in to each other and the market, etc., it’s important to learn how to soothe and center yourself. Building a meditation practice young can really make a substantial difference in the rest of your li fe. Plus, some experts suggest that 20 minutes of meditation is almost as good as a full 2 hours of sleep.8. TravelSee the world. Create a passion for getting to know new and foreign places. Experience the world with compassion and excitement. Think how lucky you are, how you can help. What you can see and do.9. Invest your Leisure TimeInstead of that one extra episode of Scandal, try spending the time you have on your own development. Take a seminar, volunteer, learn a dance, read a book, exercise. Spend a good portion of your free time on personal improvement and development. You’ll thank you later.10. Quit WorryingWorrying changes nothing. Concentrate on finding solutions to problems when solutions are possible. And try to let go of the rest. Do your part, and do it well, then try to be Zen about outcomes you cannot control. Take care of yourself. Feed your body and your brain. This is much more productive than clamming up and freaking out.11. Save Your CashSeriously. Star t saving money. That one extra trendy outfit or night out at the club will not be worth it in the long run, when that money could be put to better use. Remember that compound interest can make you a millionaire in twenty years. Put away a small, but consistent amount of money every month. And never touch it. You’re welcome.

Tender at the bone Ruth and her Mother essays

Tender at the bone Ruth and her Mother essays Ruth Reichl makes it obvious from the beginning of Tender at the Bone, that she grew up in a far from ordinary family, her mother being the cause of much of this weirdness. Her mother plays the central role in her family and thus has a powerful impact on Ruth. This impact is vast and cannot be defined as entirely positive or negative, but it can be said that Ruths mother has had such an intense influence on Ruth that many of her choices and actions later in her life are determined by those early years spent with her mother. One of the first things Ruth mentions about her mother is her love for everything exotic. From her choice in food, to her choice in home dcor, Ruths mother is the extreme experimentalist. She doesnt conform to the standards of society, be it by way of her everything stew, which is admittedly made from 2-week-old turkey, or by her entirely gold gilded bathroom. While some would say this is merely quirky, it goes beyond that, to Ruths mother, her peculiarities and strange behaviors are a source of pride. She is not ashamed of her ways, and openly shares her latest recipes, even if they do cause a minor outbreak of food poisoning. This attitude affects Ruth greatly; She adopts an ability to look past the boundaries of the ordinary, and is thus introduced to a life of people and experiences that is truly unique. This is first really seen when she befriends Serafina. Serafina should have been off limits in terms of friendship to Ruth, social barriers should have held her back f rom developing a close relationship with her, yet Ruth does not let the fact that Serafina is black, and eventually a black activist, stand in the way of her being Serafinas closest companion. When Serafina comes up with the spur of the moment idea of visiting her homeland of Algeria, Ruth quickly packs her bag and runs off, never questioning the sanity of the...

Bike Transportation Proposals at Universities Term Paper

Bike Transportation Proposals at Universities - Term Paper Example Such bike sharing services allows students or staff to share a bicycle with a given number of individuals. This has helped save of cost of purchasing more bicycles to cater for the high number of users. Bicycle sharing programs have become more successful than in the past with the introduction of modern tracking systems. This helps to keep track on the location of bicycles being used and also to curb theft. Through bike rental services, students and university staff are required to pay a given considerable fee for the use of a bicycle within the university premises. Such rental services ensure the bicycles are well maintained by users unlike in the bike sharing process. Another finding is that the use of bike transport has been made operational through several university administrations making available to students certain incentives. This are made available within the school to promote use of bicycles. Such incentives include: a free parking lot with enough space to cater for the la rge number of bike users within the institution; security for the students and staff’s bicycles within the institutions premises. This is evident with the report on Stanford University which has 12,000 bicycle rack spaces. However such a beneficial mode of transport has its own rules and regulations. The university administrations have come up with sets of rules and regulations to ensure the safe use of bicycles within the institutions. Some of these rules and regulations include: mandatory use of safety helmets and safety pads while cycling; obedience to traffic officers who monitor bike usage; one is not permitted to cycle too fast while in the institution; failure to obey the set rules one is liable to punishment through the payment of fines in regards to the broken rule. Such rules have enabled the institutions to curb any accidents within their premises. A given number of universities such as Stanford University have introduced innovative bicycle services such as bicycle lockers for safekeeping, they also offer online bike registration for students and staff, they offer bicycle routes and maps to guide cyclists around the institutions, and also professional bicycle use training. According to graphical data it is evident that there has been an increase in the adoption of bicycle transportation in universities over the past few years. This is seen through the average increase rate in percentage of bicycle users in several states in America by 2.25 percent. Areas such as San Francisco have noted a population of over 13000 users while Portland has the highest number with a population of over 17000. In the data it is conclusive that universities in areas experiencing favorable climatic conditions, such as San Francisco’s sunny and windy climate, are more probable to have a higher number of bicycle users. Also it is noted that these universities have a higher number of male bicycle users than that of females as it is stated in a report that Americ a generally has 24 percent of the total cyclist population being women while 76 percent are men. However this has been met by an increase in innovations to increase use of bicycles by women such as the introduction of carriers. These enable the bicycles to act as taxis if one does not wish to cycle. It also noted that bicycle usage has a positive effect on the physical and psychological well being on students and university staff. This is supported by an analysis showing that an individual is set to

Human Resources Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resources Case Study - Essay Example Employee selection and retention are crucial factors, thus the need for a streamlined recruitment and training process is vital. Also, it is my responsibility to work in coordination with all the departments of the company in order to examine and understand the needs of the employees (Human Resource Manager, n.d). I should act as a bridge between the top management and the staff.  In order to bring change to the existing system, my first and foremost duty are find a sales manager as the previous two were not qualified for such an important and complex position. The position of a sales manager is considered to be one of the most imperative and celebrated jobs in the field of sales and marketing. The job of a sales manager is to coach, direct, and oversee his/her sales staff and take complete responsibility for the staff. He/she organizes the workings of the sales department by developing territories, goals, and quotas for the sales staff. Assessing the market analyses facilitates him/her to understand customer needs, the number of sales, and pricing plan that will fulfill the organizational goals.  At Perfect Juice Inc. a sales manager needs to have a Masters Degree in Business Administration with a specialization in marketing. A sales manager should have knowledge regarding mathematics and statistics and their application. Also, e/she should be an expert in sales and marketing along with excellent computer skills and a complete understanding of the internet. Moreover, the sales manager should have knowledge of the structure and content of the English language.  A sales manager should also possess strong administrative and managerial skills and should be proficient in ha ndling customer and personal service. The basic skills and requirements for a sales manager are: He/she would monitor and assess his/her own performance and the performance of other individuals and also suggest the management regarding the improvements or the corrective actions that need to be undertaken.

Reflective Essay on Clinical Decision Making

Reflective Essay on Clinical Decision Making Clinical decision making in nursing involves applying critical thinking skills to select the best available evidence based option to control risks and address patients needs in the provision of high quality care that nurses are accountable for. Standing, M. (2011) Nurses are accountable for the quality, safety and effectiveness of their clinical decision making. We are accountable to the patients, clients and service users to whom we owe a duty of care. According to Standing, M. (2011), accountability in decision making is being answerable to patients, the public, employers, NMC and the law for the consequences of our actions and having to explain, justify, and defend our decisions. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) states that nurses are personally accountable for their actions during practice and therefore they must be able to justify their decisions at all time. Nurses have to balance a number of elements before they make a decision, however the patients best interest is their main priority. Decision making involves assessing available options and their effectiveness. It applies judgement regarding our reasons for doing or not doing things. As nurses, we use different information sources to support our judgement and decision making. Nursing is the use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life whatever their disease or disability, until death. (Royal College of Nursing, 2003) Decision making requires thinking skills to exercise judgement in assessing the benefits of available options and choosing a preferred option that is then acted upon. Judgement is not decision making but is closely related. Decision making links judgement to practice by acting on it in choosing from the options available. There are different models of decision making in nursing developed to help nurses make their decision on all aspects of nursing care and I decided to focus on risk analysis and management and evidence based decision making. Clinical practice is often concerned with risk reduction and with the developing trend in healthcare litigation, there is a big emphasis on risk management for both the patients and health care staffs. Clinical risk management will fundamentally happen through the interpretation and application of agreed individual care plans. The development of a comprehensive and individualised care plan will relate to the broad range of effective treatment, rehabilitation and support services provided at the current level of clinical knowledge (Morgan, S., 1998). Risk assessment is a process of identifying and investigating factors associated with the increased probability of specified risk occurring. It is an examination of the context and details of past risk incidents in the light of current circumstances. It is also concerned with the patterns of circumstances in which these factors may arise. A nurse may assess a patient as at risk of developing pressure sores, and then implement measures to try and reduced the likelihood of this event occurring by providing equipment such as specialist mattress. Risk assessment is a continuous process in which nurses gather information from multiple sources and other health care professionals with the focus of identifying the factors that is associated with the increased probability of risk happening. It is the foundation on which decisions are made and risks plans are then formulated through available national and local policies and procedures (Morgan, S.,1998). According to Lipsedge (1995), good practice in risk assessment requires nurses to translate their knowledge into a clearly distinct formulation of the risks. The formulation should ideally reflect aspects of each individual, context and systems that may influence the potential for risks. The primary aim of pressure ulcer risk assessment tool is to help nurses identify individuals at risk of pressure ulcers and determine the degree of risk (Shakespeare 1994).Formal pressure ulcer risk assessment involves the use of a tool that assists in identifying those patients likely to develop a pressure ulcer. According to Guy, H. (2007), risk assessment on pressure ulcer requires multifactorial consideration. Risk-assessment tools are a useful signpost to risk factors but must not be used in isolation to identify risk. It is important to carry out a care plan once the patient is identified to be at risk of developing a pressure sore so that occurrence of pressure damage can be prevented. Most nurses are familiar with the use of pressure sore risk assessment tools such as the Braden or Waterlow scales. These tools collect data regarding various factors thought to be associated with the development of pressure sores. There is normally some form of scoring system which shows the probability of the pressure sore occurring. For example, if a patient scores 15 or over on the Waterlow scale, the individual may be considered at risk of developing pressure sores and therefore the nurses will have to maintain a pressure ulcer prevention (PUP) bundle in order to keep track of the patients condition. According to Waterlow (1985), recommended care interventions are available with each recommendation corresponding to the risk score parameters of the Waterlow scale. The Waterlow scale is mostly used in adult field of nursing. It can also be used with hospitalised mental health and learning disability patients. However, the Waterlow scale is specifically designed for adults and therefore it is not appropriate to be use on children. Paediatrics use a different pressure ulcer risk assessment tool called the Glamorgan scale (Willock, J. et al, 2007). No risk assessment tool can be 100% accurate. The key issue in examining risk assessment tools is how good they are at distinguishing those at risk from those who are not and if they are better or more accurate than simply relying on professional judgement (Thompson, C. Dowding, D., 2002). When considering risk assessment and risk reduction, it is important that the initial assessment of risk is accurate. Evidence refers to information that is used to support particular beliefs, decisions and actions. Evidence-based decision making is a prescriptive approach to making choices based on ideas of how research and theory can be used to improve decision making in regards to delivery and quality of patient care. According to Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008a, p.7), nurses are now required to use evidence based practice. For example, nurses must deliver care based on the best available evidence or practice and must ensure any advice given to patients are evidence based. Sackett el al (1996) defines evidence base practice as the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient by incorporating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from a systematic research. This means that one solution will not be the same for all clinical scenarios and it is the nurses role to identify the research that best fits the clinical situation. According to McKibbon (1998): Evidence based practice is an approach to health care wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available to make clinical decisions for individual patients. Evidence based practice values, enhances and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It involves complex and conscientious decision making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations and preferences. It recognises that health care is individualised and ever changing and involves uncertainties and probabilities. Ultimately, Evidence base practice is the formalisation of the care process that the best clinicians have practiced for generations. McKibbon (1998) recognises the importance of the patient when making decisions about their own care. According to Reigle, Steven, Belcher et al (2008) and Talsma, Grady, Feetham, et al (2008), the reason why evidence based practice is consistently implemented is because it leads to the highest quality of care and best patient outcomes. It involves combining the knowledge of an expert, patient preferences and research evidence within the context of available resources. Also, studies by McGuinty and Anderson (2008) and Williams (2004) showed that evidence based practice has reduced healthcare costs and geographic variation in delivery of care. Integrating research evidence into decision making involves forming a focused clinical question in response to a recognised information need, searching for the most appropriate evidence to meet that need, critically appraising the retrieved evidence, incorporating the evidence into a strategy for action, and evaluating the effects of any decisions and actions taken. Thompson et al (2004) One of the tools used in evidence based practice is the use of the early warning score system (EWS). EWS were developed to assist health care professionals detect if patients are deteriorating. It is based on physiological parameters taken when recording patient observation e.g. the patients heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturations and systolic blood pressure. The EWS is designed for adults and can also be use with mental health and learning disability patients. However, due to children and adults different physiological responses, EWS is inappropriate to use on children. Alternatively, Paediatric Early Warning Scores (PEWS) is use for children, to record observations and is use to assess the childs condition i.e. If the childs score is high then this means he/she is at risk of deteriorating, this gives nurses an early indication that an action has to be done. The use of early warning score (EWS) is the best practice for clinical observations (Department of Health, 2000), and this is backed up by NCEPOD (2005) who emphasised that every in-patient should have a EWS recorded. Accurate and timely observations and adherence to EWS is essential in order to recognise patients who are at risk of deterioration. According to NICE (2007), nurses caring for patients in acute hospital settings should be skilled in monitoring, measuring, and interpreting data and have prompt response to the acutely ill patient and they should be assessed in order to demonstrate their competency. Early intervention can help prevent patients condition from deteriorating which then helps avoid the need to transfer the patient to a higher level of care. However, despite the good outcome of using evidence based practice in decision making with regards to patient care, there are issues such as nurses do not always make their decision based on available evidence due to lack of skills i.e. poor IT skills, lack of research skills and literature. There are also misconceptions that traditional ways is the best way, or that gathering evidence is too difficult and time consuming. Becoming skilled in clinical decision making requires the application of a range of evidence regarding patient concern, physical and human resources within healthcare contexts, understanding health and illnesses, developing expertise in applying therapeutic approaches, a commitment to enhance the wellbeing of those in your care and fulfilling the requirements of the relevant professional body. Overall, as nurses, it is important to have a basis when we make a decision regarding patient care. Risk is integral to nursing and the assessment of risk is one of the most common judgements nurses make. Each decision making model requires certain set of skills in order to be put on proper use and get the right results. Nurses are expected to use valid evidence to support their decisions when deciding what care to provide each patient. It is also important that nurses use their resources cost effectively by ensuring that resources and equipment are used correctly by the patient. Sometimes it is difficult for the nurse to come to a decision that will satisfy clients and co-workers and they also may be challenged at any time, however the important thing is that the nurse takes full responsibility and is able to justify his/her decision. Making the wrong clinical decision is not only harmful to patients but can also damage a nurses career. Learning about developing and applying effecti ve clinical decision making skills is vital for the wellbeing of patients and nurses capacity to demonstrate that decisions are justified.

Successful Military Innovation Essay examples -- Military History

The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and subsequently the collapse of the Soviet empire changed the political – military situation within Europe. Nearly five decades of Cold War between the Western Alliance and the Warsaw Pact countries, with relatively large standing armies and prepared mobilization plans, ended. The fight between large mechanized formations on European countryside became more and more improbable, and forced many Western countries to identify a new role for their armed forces as new threats emerged. Yet, those military organizations often struggle with such doctrinal innovations, especially in economic austere conditions combined with rapidly technological improvements. While such strategic situations determine the environment in which the military operates, ultimately people lay the foundations for a new approach. Therefore, successful innovation within a military organization depends on aligning political and military strategy, creating a learning organizati on, and assuring popular support to the military. This essay identifies principles that induce change on organizational level based upon examples from the interwar period, and has not the intention to discuss neither tactical nor technical changes in detail. Such an essay would require more in depth study that draws us away from the initial argument. Without a doubt, during the interwar period almost all military organizations reformed, based on their lessons learned from World War I, and each of them booked significant advances in certain domains. Nonetheless, some organizations as a whole proved to possess more adaptive skills than others. Above all, innovations within military organizations depend on the integration of political and military vision. ... ... The Challenge of Change: Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941†. Edited by Harold R. Winton and David R. Mets (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 37-41. Williamson, Murray. â€Å"Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German Experience†, in Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millet (Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 22-24. Eugene, C. Kiesling in The Challenge of Change: Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941†. Edited by Harold R. Winton and David R. Mets (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 3 and 10-11. Murray, op. cit., 14-15. Ibid, 9. Ibid, 13. House. Towards Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of Tactics, Doctrine and Organization in the 20th Century. 66. Murray, op. cit., 17. Ibid, 24-25. Murray, op. cit., 125-127 and 139.

How to Describe an Animal

Unit two – grade 12 Writing a field guide about an animal: The †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is one of the (most common , most dangerous , biggest , largest) (mammals, birds, reptiles, sea animals , desert animals, forest animals) in the world. It lives in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Males are †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. centimeters high and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ centimeters long. While females are †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. centimeters high and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ centimeters long. It lives in (packs – families – cackles – groups – clans) of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. animals. Or ( It is a loner animal that doesn’t like to live in groups. )} The strongest (female-male) is the leader of the group. So, It leads them for their hunt or fighting. First of all , this animal uses different sounds to communicate together. For example, It moans to show it is unhappy. It sometimes howls to keep the group together. It usually trumpets when it is frightened or in danger. It also groans to warn its group of danger saying â€Å"Danger ahead†. It may howl to begin the hunt or to return to the den. To sum up, this animal makes loud noises for many reasons. Most importantly, the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ hunts at (day – night) so it is a nocturnal animal that sleeps by day and is active at night. It survives on different kinds of (animals – plants) such as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Therefore it is a (herbivore – carnivore- omnivore). It lives in (dens, stables , caves , trees) . It eventually uses its (sharp claws – premolars – beaks – horns) to defend itself against its predators or to hunt and intimidate its prey. On the other hand this animal is hunted by humans to take its (fur – tusks – feathers – skin) and make (medicine – jewelry – coats – shoes – belts – bags). As a result this animal is endangered and the governments enforced a law to stop hunting it and built natural habitats to protect it from extinction. In conclusion, When you are in the (woods – ocean – desert – forest – jungle) , you may hear their scary sounds. But don't be afraid, they are just speaking to each others in a language that only they understand.

Episodic Lesson Pl Personal Teaching Goals Essay - 2337 Words

Episodic Lesson Plan Personal Teaching Goals : (A brief description of what you, as a teacher, are looking to develop – relate to the 8 Effective Teaching Strategies) †¢ Making sure that the lesson has a percentage of content put aside for practical †¢ Smooth transitions, keeping momentum Learning Objectives: (List and describe the LO’s for the students – likely to have one but room for two if need be) 1. Students will be able to accurately perform a chest and bounce pass within a game situation with help from their fellow peers. 2. Students will be able to acknowledge when to use a chest or bounce pass in a game situation with help from their fellow peers. Resources/Equipment: (A detailed list of equipment required for all activities) Cones, Coloured bands, Enough netballs so one per pair, 4 beams Catch Activity (diagram) Time Set out the game area. Give everyone a pair. Use this time to demonstrate and explain the meaning of the whistle and the expectation that goes with it (When the whistle is blown you must stop immediately, if it is blown twice then sit down) Instructions (Simple instructions/explanation quickly into activity) Students are scattered around the game area, which is set out by cones. Two chasers have been chosen while we are still in demonstration circle and are identified by coloured bands. Once the whistle is blown these two taggers run around and chase after their classmates. If you get tagged you must stop where youShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesNo doubt such abilities reflect Michael’s early grounding in both the practice of accounting and its economic theorization, the former at Ford and the latter initially at the London School of Economics and thereafter as a lifetime endeavour. But personal though his achievements may be, they are also reflective of a wider tradition of significant involvement in the practical sphere by senior British accounting academics. For we must remember that it was Professor Edward Stamp who was one of the first